-A wearable in-sensor computing platform based on stretchable organic electrochemical transistors

Dingyao Liu, Xinyu Tian, Jing Bai, Shaocong Wang, Zhongrui Wang, Shiming Zhang.

• Developed a standardized inkjet printing protocol enabling high-density, miniaturized, intrinsically stretchable organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) arrays
• Developed a supramolecular adhesion layer to significantly enhance the mechanical stability and uniformity of soft semiconductor films under strain
• Demonstrated stable and uniform stretchable transistor arrays capable of real-time, on-body sensing and direct signal processing at the measurement point, representing a substantial advancement toward practical wearable electronics applications.

• Coin-sized, fully integrated, and minimally invasive continuous glucose monitoring system based on organic electrochemical transistors

Jing Bai†,Dingyao Liu† (contributed equally), Xinyu Tian†, Yan Wang, Binbin Cui, Yilin Yang, Shilei Dai, Wensheng Lin, Jiaxiang Zhu, Jinqiang Wang, Aimin Xu, Zhen Gu, Shiming Zhang*.

• Developed a fully integrated continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system with organic electrochemical transistors (OECT) as the transducers.
• Developed a microneedle array, enabling subcutaneous glucose sampling with minimal pain, and a soft hydrogel interface that ensures stable skin-device interaction
• Proposed CGM integrates OECT-based biochemical signal amplification, significantly improving the SNR beyond traditional electrochemical sensors.

• Intrinsically Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Rigid-Device-Benchmarkable Performance

Dingyao Liu†, Xinyu Tian†, Jing Bai, Yan Wang, Yixun Cheng, Weijie Ning, Paddy K. L. Chan, Kai Wu, Junqi Sun, Shiming Zhang*.

• Reports the first intrinsically stretchable OECTs that achieve overall performance comparable to conventional rigid devices, overcoming a long-standing limitation in soft OECT devices.
• Reveals the significant impact of oxygen levels in soft substrates on device behavior.
• The intrinsically stretchable OECTs devices can maintain functionality after cyclic mechanical deformation.

• Pushing OECTs toward Wearable: Development of a Miniaturized Analytical Control Unit for Wireless Device Characterization

Xinyu Tian†, Dingyao Liu†(contributed equally), Jing Bai, Kai Shan Chan, Long Ching Ip, Paddy K. L. Chan, Shiming Zhang*.

• Reports the first miniaturized, wireless readout unit for OECT Characterization (i.e., Personalized Electronical Reader for Electrochemical Transistors (PERfECT)).
• Demonstrates that PERfECT can measure key OECT characteristics (transfer, output, hysteresis, and transient behavior) with resolution and sampling rate comparable to bulky laboratory equipment
• Develops an integrated board supporting 32-channel multiplexed OECT characterization,paving the way for next-generation digital wearable bioelectronics that require multi-sensor integration for continuous health monitoring.

• [Increasing the Dimensionality of Transistors with Hydrogel]

Dingyao Liu, George Malliaras* , Shiming Zhang*.

• Develops a 3D Semiconductor with bulk modulation capabilities in a large range of thickness (up to 1 mm) with hydrogel engineering
• Develops the hydrogel semiconductor with tissue-like mechanical modulus (10-100 kPa), which is compatible with living systems.
• Establishes a scalable protocol for fabricating 3D hydrogel semiconductors and demonstrates their potential in 3D transistors, brain-inspired 3D soft neuroelectronic circuits, and cell-transistor integration.

• [Electrochemical Transistor Resonance Spectroscopy]

Dingyao Liu†, Shiming Zhang*.

• First time introduces the Electrochemical Transistor Resonance Spectroscopy (ETRS) as a Novel Sensing Concept.
• Breakthrough in Detection Limit Enhancement via Resonance Frequency Optimization.
• Develops of a Miniaturized ETRS Readout System for Wearable Applications.

• A Multidirectionally Thermoconductive PhaseChange Material Enables High and DurableElectricity via Real-Environment Solar−Thermal−Electric Conversion

Dingyao Liu, Chuxin Lei, Kai Wu, Qiang Fu*.

• Develops a biomimetic phase-change composite with a centrosymmetric and multidirectionally aligned boron nitride network in polyethylene glycol, significantly improving thermal conductivity and heat transfer uniformity.
• Demonstrates that integrating this high-performance PCM with a solar thermoelectric generator (STEG) enables a photothermal energy conversion efficiency of up to 85.1%, surpassing previous STEG designs.
• Designs a powerful and durable STEG system that achieves a peak power density of 40.28 W/m², more than doubling conventional STEG performance (<15 W/m²), offering a scalable solution for real-environment solar energy harvesting.

• Highly thermoconductive yet ultraflexible polymer composites with superior mechanical properties and autonomous self-healing functionality via a binary filler strategy

Dong Wang†, Dingyao Liu†(contributed equally), Jianhua Xu, Jiajun Fu, Kai Wu*.

• Develops a mechanochemistry-based method to modify liquid metal, and unveils the interaction between liquid metal (LM) and inorganic solids modifier.
• The modified liquid metal can be easily incorporated into polymer blends (poly(urea–urethane) elastomer in this case) without any leakage and achieves a unique combination of high in-plane thermal conductivity and excellent mechanical flexibility.
• Demonstrates spontaneous self-recoverability and room-temperature self-healing.